Saturday, February 15, 2020

Democracy and New Media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democracy and New Media - Article Example The new media has exponentially augmented the access to information and has dramatically expanded the scope of free speech. The global flow of information has enabled people around the world to test and contrast the archaic models of civic life with the emerging trends and influences. The pivotal question in this context is that is the new media ubiquitous and if it is so, does it have the potential to contribute to the cause of democracy at a global scale? I s new media contributing to democratic values in Castro’s Cuba or in war ravaged Afghanistan? A general perusal of the history establishes beyond doubt that one or other form of media did play an essential role in the dissemination of political values and ideologies in the 20th century. Lenin’s smuggling of Iskra into Russia, nine decades ago is an apt example of the subversion of a regime through the usage of media (Leighley, 2003).

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Ehtnographic Study paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ehtnographic Study paper - Essay Example Regarding the students in the entire school, these students’ ethnic background(s), language(s), ages, educational level of community members, behavioral norms and values, and socioeconomic statuses will be evaluated and thoroughly analyzed. Here we will analyze primarily the students in the entire school, with a philosophy of diversity centering upon the particular class. The ethnic mix of the learners, both in the class and in the school, is diverse. The school’s student body is predominantly African-American, although there are small amounts of other races present in the student body. The school used to be more racially diverse years ago. Regarding students’ socioeconomic status, this is diverse as well. The SES of the learners at this high school is varied, but a lot of the students tend to come from backgrounds with socioeconomically disadvantaged status. The primary language spoken is English, and in some cases, Ebonics (although not formally recognized by some as a bona fide language) is widely spoken by the student body. The type of community surrounding the school is in the city. Therefore, this school is an urban school. This school has special populations (special education, ESL/ELL, gifted). This school has a comprehensive special education program. Moreover, however, it has a large gifted population in its 7th-12th grade program. A certain percentage of the 7th and 8th graders in the Gifted program remain to go on for high school there, so there is that factor to consider, too. It is a keystone of any teacher’s philosophy of diversity that the classroom be a place of inclusiveness—whether students be Black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, or of mixed race(s) or races not named here, and be of whatever socioeconomic status, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or cultural affiliation—that students feel that they are equals in the classroom regardless of

Saturday, January 25, 2020

James Baldwins Giovannis Room Essay -- James Baldwin Giovannis room

James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room James Baldwin’s novel Giovanni’s Room is titled such for the purpose of accentuating the symbolism of Giovanni’s room. Within the novel Giovanni’s room is portrayed with such characteristics as being Giovanni’s prison, symbolic of Giovanni’s life, holding the relationship between Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of homosexuality for David and being a tomb underwater. These different portrayals of Giovanni’s room are combined within the novel to create an overall negative metaphor of homosexuality as perpetuated by society. These different portrayals of Giovanni’s room are dirty, suffocating and restricting; Baldwin is showing the reader that homosexuality can be understood as all of these things, detrimental as they are. The novel is a reflection upon the common belief in society that homosexuality is unnatural and wrong, causing homosexual men to turn societal negativity into self hatred. One of the metaphors for Giovanni’s room is the parallel created linking his room to his jail cell. When Giovanni is in jail, David wonders about the jail cell he is in and says, â€Å"I wonder about the size of Giovanni’s cell. I wonder if it is bigger than his room† (113). In David’s thought he creates the definition of Giovanni’s room being a cell. The prison cell is close in size to his room, and it is also much like the room in that he is stuck there as a prisoner. Giovanni’s permanence in his room, as in the jail cell, is further exemplified when David is talking about the room; â€Å"I’m talking about that room, that hideous room. Why have you buried yourself there so long?† (117). David is directly comparing Giovanni’s room to a tomb, which, like a cell, is an imprisonment. David is say... ...rget it. This negative view of homosexuality is enforced by society, which David absorbs into himself. Through David and his perception of the many metaphors contained within Giovanni’s room, James Baldwin is showing a negative interpretation of homosexuality as identified in society. The metaphors within Giovanni’s room are Giovanni’s prison, symbolic of Giovanni’s life, holding the relationship between Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of homosexuality for David and being a tomb underwater. These metaphors are negative and exist to demonstrate to the reader that homosexuality is restricting, punishing, dirty and suffocating. These negative connotations of homosexuality are brought from society and internalized by the characters and builds into self hate. Works Cited: Baldwin, James, and Caryl Phillips. Giovanni's Room. London: Penguin, 2001. Print.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Science Health and Wellness

Associate Level Material Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet Part 1 For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: Gaining weight so you need to exercise. Being out of shape hurts your heart and bones. Taking care of yourself and exercising helps the heart also.Social health: Interacting with others friends etc will help you ease your mind and take some street off yourself for example you are having issues in your relationship with your boyfriend talking to a friend will ease the stress and help you not do something and or help you take care of yourself. Intellectual health: Learning new things and expanding your mind is a real good thing. As you learn new thing you can take care of yourself and you also keep your mind flowing instead of just stuck in one situation.Environmental health: Getting out of the house and not stuck doing nothing which will also give you exercise is very healthy just like the sun gives your body some vitamins which is also healthy. Emotional health: is important because if you don’t have good emotional health you can do something harmful to yourself like suicide or even something harmful towards others. Spiritual health: In believing in something such as god or something like that is always good.In believing in something it gives you a positive outlook in things and helps you cope with things. Part 2 In approximately 125 to 200 words, describe health and wellness in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health. I believe that each one of these is very important. I listed things in the things above which to me are important. First Physical wellness is important cause if you don’t keep your body healthy you’re going to get yourself very sick or worst.You damage yourself each and every day when you don’t do something for your body like exercise. Social wellness is interacting with friends and associating yourself with others which helps you get your feelings out and helps that you are not alone which also is connected into emotional health. A lot of people that has bad emotional issues can hurt them and or hurt others which then can also tie into intellectual health.If you learn and expand yourself with new things you can also help yourself be positive and teach yourself new things. There is also spiritual health which will help you believe in something other then what is around you like going to church or whatever your religion shall be. It helps you clear . your mind and gives you a positive boost you might needs. Environmental health helps you get out of the house so you’re not stuck and get involved in things.

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Examples Of Hypocrisy In To Kill A Mockingbird - 822 Words

In life people learn mostly from experience, even if they experience something through another means. Over this past summer I had the privilege of reading the award winning book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. At first glance, the novel just reinforced one of my basic morals: racism is wrong. Upon a closer look I picked up on some more subtle themes that Lee expressed in her novel. One of the underlying themes made me think about a belief I had come to believe for many years: hypocrisy is wrong. The characterization Lee used in To Kill a Mockingbird taught me that although hypocrisy is wrong, it is beneficial because it destroys innocence which is necessary for change. The hypocrisy that was obvious to me at first was when Aunt†¦show more content†¦If Aunt Alexandra had kept her innocence she wouldn’t have been able to change. So while I still think hypocrisy is wrong, I do believe it can be beneficial. Even though this situation stuck out to me as being hypocr itical, a different situation stuck out to Scout. At school, Scouts teacher made some comments regarding Hitler, which made Scout see the hypocrisy that was widely spread throughout Maycomb. After some thought, Scout addressed Jem saying, Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home (Lee 283). In third grade, Scout is able to see that people are blind to their hypocrisy. They are easily able to look outward and criticize others for their behavior but yet are too blind to realize that they do the same thing. Jems response to this question was rage, which showed Scout that people do not like to be called out on their hypocrisy. It was not right for Scouts teacher or anyone in Maycomb to judge Hitler for persecuting good people when they persecute good people themselves. As a result of this, Scout learns that people are extremely hypocritical which helps to take away her innocent thought that the world is a fair and just place. Now that she can see this more clearly, she can make an effort to call people out on their hypocrisy so they put a stop to it. Looking back on this I am able to see a beneficial side to the teachers hypocrisy. It taughtShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Hypocrisy In To Kill A Mockingbird1782 Words   |  8 PagesAn award winning novel, To Kill A Mockingbird was brilliantly written by author Harper Lee, intertwining multiple themes to create a classic piece of American literature to represent white southern ethics of the 1930s. A common theme throughout the novel, hypocrisy is a method for Harper Lee to communicate an underlying message to readers. Hypocrisy reflects how societies, communities and the church benefits from it as a means for being ignorant of oneself’s wrongdoings and sins, placing blame elsewhereRead MoreEvil and Injustice in Harper Lee ´s Novel:To Kill a Mockingbird 639 Words   |  3 Pagesprejudicing. In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, these themes are pr esent. People and how they commit evil, hypocritical, and unjust acts. We see these themes and great issues through the point of view of a child; the vigorous, youthful, elementary-aged Scout. Through this character Harper Lee shows the innocence of children, and what they go through in our inequitable world. The first major theme in To Kill a Mockingbird is evil in society. The mostRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Irony and Sarcasm1440 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird is a highly regarded work of American fiction. The story of the novel teaches us many lessons that should last any reader for a lifetime. The messages that Harper Lee relays to the reader are exemplified throughout the book using various methods. One of the most important and significant methods was the use of symbols such as the mockingbird image. Another important method was showing the view through a growing childs (Scout Finch) mind, eyes, ears, and mouth.Read MoreTo Kill a Mocking Bird Hypocrisy Paper800 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird Term Paper Imagine having your life completely destroyed by a fraudulent charge just because of the color of your skin. There are many examples of hypocrisy in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Some of the most glaring examples of hypocrisy come from three female characters: Mrs. Dubose, Mrs. Merriweather, and Mrs. Gates. Each character said a hypocritical statement in this novel. A quote and detailed context will be used to explain to the full extent what was hypocriticalRead More Theme of Courage in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird is a book about courage to what extent do you agree with this? Harper Lees first novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, displays the life of a small southern family struggling through the depression in Maycomb, Alabama. Seen through the innocent eyes of a young child are the events and people of Maycomb. Courage is a major theme in the novel but there are other themes like the Hypocrisy, Protecting the innocent and Prejudice, which are brought out to the same extent. The authorRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Motiff Essay779 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience occurs many times in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. The process of this growth is especially obvious in Jem and Scout’s journey through out the book. The first part of to â€Å"kill a mockingbirdâ€Å", while experience is there, innocence is the primary theme. Both Jem and scout are just beginning to experience things. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbirdâ€Å", by Harper Lee, there are many great examples of Jem or Scout moving from innocence to experience. One example of Scout’s innocence is when Walter comesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Two Birds One Stone By Harper Lee900 Words   |  4 Pages9 March 2016 Two Birds One Stone â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it† (Lee 30). To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a very vigorous story about the racial discrimination that was uncontrollable in 1930’s Alabama. The small town of Maycomb is segregated into two categories: white and black. They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded withRead MoreRacial Discrimination During The Second World War1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmoods of domestic communities, including outside influences, social prejudice, and economic discrimination in both America and Europe. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the young narrator named Scout witnesses racial tensions in the glacial-paced town of Maycomb shake up the community, and create grand-scale cracks in the ground contrasting opinions and revealing hypocrisies hidden underneath as a certain court date inches cl oser. This legal case takes an alleged rape incident, applying racial undertones andRead More The Hypocrisy of Humanity Depicted in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird1311 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, has many stories from Scouts’ little town in Alabama that teaches the reader the good and bad sides of the human being. When all these come together, the result is this fantastic novel. One of the stories that stand out is the one when Mrs. Gates and Cecil Jacobs have a conversation in the classroom. They talk about Adolph Hitler and the malicious things he did to the Jewish people. Mrs. Gates tries to tell her students that what he did was wrong in a very firmRead MoreThe English Assessment Task For Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1360 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Assessment Task 1 - ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ Essay â€Å"Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we’re paying him the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right.† To what extent are life values and lessons reflected throughout the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’? The great degree that Harper Lee reflects life values and lessons throughout ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ is elucidated through the teachings of the main adult protagonist, Atticus Finch. Over three summers, Atticus guides his children

Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Pirate Ships - History and Culture

During the so-called Golden Age of piracy (roughly 1700-1725), thousands of pirates terrorized shipping lanes all over the world, particularly in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These ruthless men (and women) needed good ships to be able to run down their prey and escape from pirate hunters and navy vessels. Where did they get their ships, and what made for a good pirate craft? What Was a Pirate Ship? In one sense, there was no such thing as a â€Å"pirate† ship. There was no shipyard where pirates could go and commission and pay for a pirate ship to their specifications. A pirate ship is defined as any vessel whose sailors and crew are engaged in piracy. Thus, anything from a raft or canoe to a massive frigate or man of war could be considered a pirate vessel. Pirates could and did use very small boats, even canoes  when nothing else was at hand. Where Did Pirates Get Their Ships? Since no one was making ships exclusively for piracy, pirates had to somehow capture existing ships. Some pirates were crewmen on board naval or merchant vessels who took over by mutiny: George Lowther and Henry Avery were two well-known pirate captains who did so. Most pirates simply traded ships when they captured one that was more seaworthy than the one they had been using. Sometimes brave pirates could steal ships: Calico Jack Rackham was cornered by Spanish gunships one night when he and his men rowed over to a sloop the Spanish had captured. In the morning, he sailed away in the sloop while the Spanish warships shot up his old ship, still anchored in the harbor. What Would Pirates Do With a New Ship? When pirates got a new ship, by stealing one or by swapping their existing ship out for a better one belonging to their victims, they usually made some changes. They would mount as many cannons on the new ship as they could without significantly slowing her down. Six cannons or so was the minimum that pirates liked to have on board. The pirates usually changed the rigging or ship’s structure so that the ship would sail faster. Cargo spaces were converted into living or sleeping quarters, as pirate ships usually had more men (and less cargo) onboard than merchants vessels. What Did Pirates Look for in a Ship? A good pirate ship needed three things: it needed to be seaworthy, fast, and well-armed. Seaworthy ships were especially necessary for the Caribbean, where devastating hurricanes are a yearly occurrence. Since the best ports and harbors were usually off-limits to pirates, they often had to ride out storms at sea. Speed was very important: if they could not run down their prey, they would never capture anything. It was also necessary to outrun pirate hunters and navy ships. They needed to be well-armed in order to win fights. Blackbeard, Sam Bellamy, and Black Bart Roberts had massive gunboats and were very successful. Smaller sloops had advantages as well, however. They were quick and could enter shallow inlets to hide from searchers and evade pursuit. It was also necessary to careen ships from time to time. This is when the ships were intentionally beached so that the pirates could clean the hulls. This was easy to do with smaller ships but a real chore with larger ones. Famous Pirate Ships Model Of Queen Anns Revenge Blackbeard The Pirates Flagship On Display At The Maritime Research. John Pineda  /Getty Images 1. Blackbeards Queen Annes Revenge In November of 1717, Blackbeard captured La Concorde, a massive French slaving ship. He renamed her Queen Annes Revenge and refitted her, mounting 40 cannons on board. The Queen Annes Revenge was one of the most powerful ships around at the time and could go toe-to-toe with any British warship. The ship ran aground (some say Blackbeard did it intentionally) in 1718 and sank. Researchers believe they have found it in the waters off of North Carolina. Some items, such as an anchor, bell, and spoon have been found and are displayed in museums. Captain Bartholomew Roberts, engraving. Culture Club/Getty Images 2.  Bartholomew Roberts Royal Fortune Most of Roberts flagships were named Royal Fortune, so sometimes the historical record gets a little confusing. The largest was a former French man of war that the pirate had refitted with 40 cannons and manned by 157 men. Roberts was aboard this ship during his fateful final battle in February of 1722 3.  Sam Bellamys Whydah The Whydah was a massive merchant ship captured by Bellamy on her maiden voyage in 1717. The pirate modified her, mounting 26 cannons on board. She was shipwrecked off of Cape Cod not long after she was taken, however, so Bellamy did not do much damage with his new ship. The wreck has been found, and researchers have found some very interesting items which have allowed them to learn more about pirate history and culture. Sources Cawthorne, Nigel. A History of Pirates: Blood and Thunder on the High Seas. Edison: Chartwell Books, 2005. Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Konstam, Angus. The Pirate Ship 1660-1730. New Vanguard, First Edition edition, Osprey Publishing, June 20, 2003. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009 Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Mariner Books, 2008.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Dropping The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki

The Atomic Bomb Paula Rabens December 11, 2014 DeVry University Online The event that I chose to discuss is the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I believe that this event is worth studying because it was the first and only time that an atomic bomb had been used in war. The significance of this event can be seen from different sides and affected not only future policies, national security, the future of energy development, and health related issues. This event is said to have ended World War II, and at the same time started the cold war. The bombs were said to have ultimately killed over 700,000 Japanese people (Nash, 2014). New medical and mental illnesses occurring due to dropping the bomb and radiation, and also starting new threats of nuclear attack throughout the world and the continued threat of creating and use of the atomic bombs. With the use of the atomic bomb, the world considered countries that had the power of the atomic bomb to be a superpower and countries like Russia wouldn’t let the U.S. be the only ones wh o had this power. Russia would build an atomic bomb and the threat of war was now considered to be fought with nuclear annihilation. Historical causes and events This event actually started before 1945; the making of the atomic bomb started in 1941 after hearing that the Germans had started working on nuclear weapons. The Manhattan project was composed of scientists thatShow MoreRelatedThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki During World War II Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone in the United States, and the world, knows about the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. There are countless pictures, bombs, and destruction caused, but where did it all start? It started in the Martin Bomber Plant right here in Nebraska. The Martin Bomber Plant was commissioned well before Pearl Harbor in September 1940. All over the country, plants were being opened to make bombs, tanks, guns, and more. Even though the Unites States wasn’t fightingRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pageshistory was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiation from the bombs. Revisionists have saidRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how many atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weapon on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The United States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is Not A Military Necessity1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrevered American generals, Leahy, Macarthur, and Eisenhower, stated the dropping of the atomic bomb â€Å"was not a military necessity.† Japan was already struggling greatly to maintain itself, and they felt that it would fall soon. Leahy even went as far as to say that a continuation of the blockade of Japan and bombings would have been enough to bring Japan to its knees. These generals acknowledged the efficiency of the atomic bomb, but could not reconcile that efficiency to the devastating consequencesRead More Drop The Bomb? Essay656 Words   |  3 Pages U.S. History - Grech Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan, Justified? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 6th and 9th of 1945 U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the JapaneseRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreWas Hiroshima Necessary? Or Hiroshima? Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesWas Hiroshima Necessary?   Ã‚  Ã‚   After the Japanese dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the United States took serious offense to it. The Americans dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of them dropping the bomb on Pearl Harbor. America dropped the bomb because President Harry Truman commanded that if the Japanese made any attack on us, we would attack them. This bomb badly affected Japan. At least 140,000 Japanese people died, including 20,000 soldiers by December of 1945. At least 90% ofRead MoreWorld War Ii Research Paper: Hiroshima and Nagasaki1693 Words   |  7 PagesIn the midst of World War II, August 1945, the United States unleashed the first ever atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The usage of the atomic bomb was effective, but at the same time devastating and unnecessary. The United States should not have dropped the atomic bomb because it maimed countless of Japanese civilians, caused radiation poisoning whose effects impacted future generations, left both cities in r uins, left citizens homeless, and it was absolutely unmoral for the UnitedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Japan1548 Words   |  7 PagesIt is true to say that the Japanese deserved to have two atomic bombs dropped on two industrial cities in the span of just around three days? Is it also true to say that is was alright for thousands of innocent Japanese lives to be sacrificed for the sake of showing the power of the United States to the then Soviet Union? Is the use of the atomic bomb something that can be justified even after it have killed and has a lasting effect on certain lands in Japan? This cannot be justified because of the